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NAVIGATION
Arab Republic of Egypt
Jumhuriyat Misr al-Arabiyah
former: United Arab Republic (with Syria)
GOVERNMENT
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Country name:
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conventional long form: Arab Republic of Egypt
conventional short form: Egypt local short form: Misr former: United Arab Republic (with Syria) local long form: Jumhuriyat Misr al-Arabiyah |
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Government type:
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republic |
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Capital:
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Cairo |
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Administrative divisions:
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26 governorates (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah); Ad Daqahliyah, Al Bahr al Ahmar, Al Buhayrah, Al Fayyum, Al Gharbiyah, Al Iskandariyah, Al Isma'iliyah, Al Jizah, Al Minufiyah, Al Minya, Al Qahirah, Al Qalyubiyah, Al Wadi al Jadid, Ash Sharqiyah, As Suways, Aswan, Asyut, Bani Suwayf, Bur Sa'id, Dumyat, Janub Sina', Kafr ash Shaykh, Matruh, Qina, Shamal Sina', Suhaj |
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Independence:
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28 February 1922 (from UK) |
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National holiday:
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Revolution Day, 23 July (1952) |
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Constitution:
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11 September 1971 |
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Legal system:
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based on English common law, Islamic law, and Napoleonic codes; judicial review by Supreme Court and Council of State (oversees validity of administrative decisions); accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations |
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Suffrage:
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18 years of age; universal and compulsory |
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Executive branch:
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chief of state: President Mohammed Hosni MUBARAK (since 14 October 1981)
head of government: Prime Minister Atef Mohammed ABEID (since 5 October 1999) cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president elections: president nominated by the People's Assembly for a six-year term, the nomination must then be validated by a national, popular referendum; national referendum last held 26 September 1999 (next to be held NA October 2005); prime minister appointed by the president election results: national referendum validated President MUBARAK's nomination by the People's Assembly to a fourth term |
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Legislative branch:
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bicameral system consists of the People's Assembly or Majlis al-Sha'b (454 seats; 444 elected by popular vote, 10 appointed by the president; members serve five-year terms) and the Advisory Council or Majlis al-Shura - which functions only in a consultative role (264 seats; 176 elected by popular vote, 88 appointed by the president; members serve NA-year terms)
elections: People's Assembly - three-phase voting - last held 19 October, 29 October, 8 November 2000 (next to be held NA November 2005); Advisory Council - last held 7 June 1995 (next to be held NA) election results: People's Assembly - percent of vote by party - NDP 88%, independents 8%, opposition 4%; seats by party - NDP 398, NWP 7, Tagammu 6, Nasserists 2, LSP 1, independents 38, undecided 2; Advisory Council - percent of vote by party - NDP 99%, independents 1%; seats by party - NA |
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Judicial branch:
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Supreme Constitutional Court |
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Political parties and leaders:
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Nasserist Arab Democratic Party or Nasserists [Dia' al-din DAWUD]; National Democratic Party or NDP [President Mohammed Hosni MUBARAK] - governing party; National Progressive Unionist Grouping or Tagammu [Khalid MUHI AL-DIN]; New Wafd Party or NWP [No'man GOMA]; Socialist Liberal Party or LSP [leader NA]
note: formation of political parties must be approved by the government |
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Political pressure groups and leaders:
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despite a constitutional ban against religious-based parties, the technically illegal Muslim Brotherhood constitutes MUBARAK's potentially most significant political opposition; MUBARAK tolerated limited political activity by the Brotherhood for his first two terms, but moved more aggressively since then to block its influence; civic society groups are sanctioned, but constrained in practical terms; trade unions and professional associations are officially sanctioned |
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International organization participation:
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ABEDA, ACC, ACCT, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, BSEC (observer), CAEU, CCC, EBRD, ECA, ESCWA, FAO, G-15, G-19, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MINURSO, MONUC, NAM, OAPEC, OAS (observer), OAU, OIC, OSCE (partner), PCA, UN, UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNITAR, UNMIBH, UNMIK, UNMOP, UNOMIG, UNRWA, UNTAET, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO |
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Diplomatic representation in the US:
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chief of mission: Ambassador M. Nabil FAHMY
chancery: 3521 International Court NW, Washington, DC 20008 consulate(s) general: Chicago, Houston, New York, and San Francisco FAX: [1] (202) 244-4319 telephone: [1] (202) 895-5440 |
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Diplomatic representation from the US:
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chief of mission: Ambassador C. David WELCH
embassy: 5 Latin America St., Garden City, Cairo mailing address: Unit 64900, Box 15, APO AE 09839-4900 telephone: [20] (2) 797-3300 FAX: [20] (2) 797-3200 |
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Flag description:
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three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black with the national emblem (a shield superimposed on a golden eagle facing the hoist side above a scroll bearing the name of the country in Arabic) centered in the white band; similar to the flag of Yemen, which has a plain white band; also similar to the flag of Syria, which has two green stars, and to the flag of Iraq, which has three green stars (plus an Arabic inscription) in a horizontal line centered in the white band |
ECONOMY
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Economy - overview:
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Egypt improved its macroeconomic performance throughout most of the last decade by following IMF advice on fiscal, monetary, and structural reform policies. As a result, Cairo managed to tame inflation, slash budget deficits, and attract more foreign investment. In the past three years, however, the pace of reform has slackened, and excessive spending on national infrastructure projects has widened budget deficits again. Lower foreign exchange earnings since 1998 resulted in pressure on the Egyptian pound and periodic dollar shortages. Monetary pressures have increased since 11 September 2001 because of declines in tourism, Suez canal tolls, and exports, and Cairo has devalued the pound several times in the past year. The development of a gas export market is a major bright spot for future growth prospects. |
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GDP:
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purchasing power parity - $258 billion (2001 est.) |
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GDP - real growth rate:
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2.5% (2001 est.) |
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GDP - per capita:
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purchasing power parity - $3,700 (2001 est.) |
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GDP - composition by sector:
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agriculture: 14%
industry: 30% services: 56% (2001) |
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Population below poverty line:
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23% (FY95/96 est.) |
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Household income or consumption by percentage share:
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lowest 10%: 4%
highest 10%: 25% (1995) |
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Distribution of family income - Gini index:
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29 (1995) |
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Inflation rate (consumer prices):
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2.3% (2001) |
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Labor force:
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20.6 million (2001 est.) |
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Labor force - by occupation:
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agriculture 29%, industry 22%, services 49% (2000 est.) |
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Unemployment rate:
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12% (2001 est.) |
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Budget:
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revenues: $21.5 billion
expenditures: $26.2 billion, including capital expenditures of $5.9 billion (2001) |
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Industries:
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textiles, food processing, tourism, chemicals, hydrocarbons, construction, cement, metals |
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Industrial production growth rate:
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1.8% (2001 est.) |
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Electricity - production:
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69.592 billion kWh (2000) |
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Electricity - production by source:
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fossil fuel: 77%
hydro: 23% other: 0% (2000) nuclear: 0% |
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Electricity - consumption:
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64.721 billion kWh (2000) |
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Electricity - exports:
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0 kWh (2000) |
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Electricity - imports:
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0 kWh (2000) |
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Agriculture - products:
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cotton, rice, corn, wheat, beans, fruits, vegetables; cattle, water buffalo, sheep, goats |
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Exports:
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$7.1 billion f.o.b. (2001 est.) |
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Exports - commodities:
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crude oil and petroleum products, cotton, textiles, metal products, chemicals |
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Exports - partners:
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EU 43% (Italy 18%, Germany 4%, UK 3.2%), US 15%, Middle East 11%, Asian countries 9%, (2000) |
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Imports:
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$164 billion f.o.b. (2001 est.) |
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Imports - commodities:
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machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, chemicals, wood products, fuels |
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Imports - partners:
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EU 36% (Germany 8%, Italy 8%, France 6%), US 18%, Asian countries 13%, , Middle East 6% (2000) |
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Debt - external:
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$29 billion (2001 est.) |
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Economic aid - recipient:
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ODA, $2.25 billion (1999) |
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Currency:
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Egyptian pound (EGP) |
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Currency code:
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EGP |
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Exchange rates:
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Egyptian pounds per US dollar - market rate - 4.5000 (January 2002), 4.4900 (2001), 3.6900 (2000), 3.4050 (1999), 3.3880 (1998), 3.3880 (1997) |
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Fiscal year:
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1 July - 30 June |