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NAVIGATION
Republic of Kazakhstan
Qazaqstan Respublikasy
former: Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic
COMMUNICATIONS
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Telephones - main lines in use:
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1.92 million (2001) |
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Telephones - mobile cellular:
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400,000 (2001) |
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Telephone system:
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general assessment: service is poor; equipment antiquated
domestic: intercity by landline and microwave radio relay; mobile cellular systems are available in most of Kazakhstan international: international traffic with other former Soviet republics and China carried by landline and microwave radio relay; with other countries by satellite and by the Trans-Asia-Europe (TAE) fiber-optic cable; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat |
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Radio broadcast stations:
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AM 60, FM 17, shortwave 9 (1998) |
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Radios:
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6.47 million (1997) |
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Television broadcast stations:
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12 (plus nine repeaters) (1998) |
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Televisions:
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3.88 million (1997) |
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Internet country code:
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.kz |
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Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
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10 (with their own international channels) (2001) |
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Internet users:
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100,000 (2002) |
TRANSPORTATION
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Railways:
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total: 13,601 km in common carrier service; does not include industrial lines
broad gauge: 13,601 km 1.520-m gauge (3,661 km electrified) (2001) |
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Highways:
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total: 189,000 km
paved: 108,100 km (includes some all-weather gravel-surfaced roads) unpaved: 80,900 km (these roads are made of unstabilized earth and are difficult to negotiate in wet weather) (1990) |
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Waterways:
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3,900 km
note: on the Syr Darya (Syrdariya) and Ertis (Irtysh) rivers |
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Pipelines:
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crude oil 2,850 km; refined products 1,500 km; natural gas 3,480 km (1992) |
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Ports and harbors:
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Aqtau (Shevchenko), Atyrau (Gur'yev), Oskemen (Ust-Kamenogorsk), Pavlodar, Semey (Semipalatinsk) |
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Merchant marine:
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total: 1 ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,064 GRT/646 DWT
note: includes a foreign-owned ship registered here as a flag of convenience: United States 1 (2002 est.) ships by type: roll on/roll off 1 |
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Airports:
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449 (2001) |
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Airports - with paved runways:
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total: 28
over 3,047 m: 6 2,438 to 3,047 m: 14 1,524 to 2,437 m: 5 under 914 m: 3 (2002) |
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Airports - with unpaved runways:
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total: 421
over 3,047 m: 11 2,438 to 3,047 m: 18 1,524 to 2,437 m: 45 914 to 1,523 m: 101 under 914 m: 246 (2002) |
MILITARY
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Military branches:
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Ground Forces, Air and Air Defense Forces, Naval Force, Border Service, Republican Guard |
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Military manpower - military age:
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18 years of age (2002 est.) |
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Military manpower - availability:
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males age 15-49: 4,545,168 (2002 est.) |
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Military manpower - fit for military service:
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males age 15-49: 3,629,219 (2002 est.) |
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Military manpower - reaching military age annually:
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males: 163,628 (2002 est.) |
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Military expenditures - dollar figure:
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$173 million (Ministry of Defense expenditures) (FY01) |
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Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
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1% (Ministry of Defense expenditures) (FY01) |
TRANSNATIONAL ISSUES
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Disputes - international:
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Kazakhstan is working rapidly with China and Russia to delimit its large open borders to control population migration, illegal activities, and trade; signed bilateral agreement with Russia delimiting the Caspian Sea seabed, but littoral states are far from any multilateral agreement on dividing the waters and seabed regimes - Iran insists on division of Caspian Sea into five equal sectors while Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Russia, and Turkmenistan have generally agreed upon equidistant seabed boundaries; border largely delimited with Uzbekistan, but unresolved dispute remains over sovereignty of two border villages, Bagys and Turkestan, and around the Arnasay dam; Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan wrestle with sharing limited water resources and the regional environmental degradation caused by the shrinking of the Aral Sea; disputes with Kyrgyzstan over providing water and hydropower to Kazakhstan |
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Illicit drugs:
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significant illicit cultivation of cannabis for CIS markets, as well as limited cultivation of opium poppy and ephedra (for the drug ephedrine); limited government eradication of illicit crops; transit point for Southwest Asian narcotics bound for Russia and the rest of Europe |