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NAVIGATION
Mongolia
Mongol Uls
former: Outer Mongolia
GOVERNMENT
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Country name:
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conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Mongolia local short form: Mongol Uls former: Outer Mongolia local long form: none |
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Government type:
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parliamentary |
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Capital:
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Ulaanbaatar |
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Administrative divisions:
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21 provinces (aymguud, singular - aymag) and 1 municipality* (hot); Arhangay, Bayanhongor, Bayan-Olgiy, Bulgan, Darhan Uul, Dornod, Dornogovi, Dundgovi, Dzavhan, Govi-Altay, Govi-Sumber, Hentiy, Hovd, Hovsgol, Omnogovi, Orhon, Ovorhangay, Selenge, Suhbaatar, Tov, Ulaanbaatar*, Uvs |
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Independence:
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11 July 1921 (from China) |
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National holiday:
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Independence Day/Revolution Day, 11 July (1921) |
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Constitution:
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12 February 1992 |
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Legal system:
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blend of Russian, Chinese, Turkish, and Western systems of law that combines aspects of a parliamentary system with some aspects of a presidential system; constitution ambiguous on judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction |
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Suffrage:
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18 years of age; universal |
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Executive branch:
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chief of state: President Natsagiyn BAGABANDI (since 20 June 1997)
head of government: Prime Minister Nambaryn ENKHBAYAR (since 26 July 2000) cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the State Great Hural in consultation with the president elections: president nominated by parties in the State Great Hural and elected by popular vote for a four-year term; election last held 20 May 2001 (next to be held NA May 2005); following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition is usually elected prime minister by the State Great Hural; election last held 2 July 2000 (next to be held NA 2004) election results: Natsagiyn BAGABANDI reelected president; percent of vote - Natsagiyn BAGABANDI (MPRP) 58.13%, Radnaasumbereliyn GONCHIGDORJ (DP) 36.58%, Luvsandamba DASHNYAM (CWP) 3.54%, other 1.75%; Nambaryn ENKHBAYAR elected prime minister by a vote in the State Great Hural of 68 to 3 |
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Legislative branch:
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unicameral State Great Hural (76 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)
elections: last held 2 July 2000 (next to be held NA July 2004) election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - MPRP 72, other 4 |
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Judicial branch:
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Supreme Court (serves as appeals court for people's and provincial courts, but rarely overturns verdicts of lower courts; judges are nominated by the General Council of Courts for approval by the president) |
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Political parties and leaders:
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Citizens' Will Party or CWP (also called Civil Will Party or Civil Courage Party) [Sanjaasurengyn OYUN]; Democratic Party or DP [D. DORLIGJAN]; Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party or MPRP [Nambaryn ENKHBAYAR]; Mongolian New Socialist Democratic Party or MNSDP [B. ERDENEBAT]; Mongolian Republican Party or MRP [B. JARGALSAIHAN]
note: the MPRP is the ruling party |
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Political pressure groups and leaders:
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NA |
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International organization participation:
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ARF (dialogue partner), AsDB, ASEAN (observer), CCC, CP (provisional), EBRD, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, ISO, ITU, NAM, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO |
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Diplomatic representation in the US:
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chief of mission: Ambassador Jalbuugiyn CHOINHOR
chancery: 2833 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20007 consulate(s) general: New York FAX: [1] (202) 298-9227 telephone: [1] (202) 333-7117 |
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Diplomatic representation from the US:
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chief of mission: Ambassador John DINGER
embassy: inner northeast part of the Big Ring Road, just west of the Selbe Gol, Ulaanbaatar mailing address: United States Embassy in Mongolia, P. O. Box 1021, Ulaanbaatar 13; PSC 461, Box 300, FPO AP 96521-0002 telephone: [976] (11) 329095 FAX: [976] (11) 320776 |
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Flag description:
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three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), blue, and red; centered on the hoist-side red band in yellow is the national emblem ("soyombo" - a columnar arrangement of abstract and geometric representation for fire, sun, moon, earth, water, and the yin-yang symbol) |
ECONOMY
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Economy - overview:
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Economic activity traditionally has been based on agriculture and breeding of livestock. Mongolia also has extensive mineral deposits: copper, coal, molybdenum, tin, tungsten, and gold account for a large part of industrial production. Soviet assistance, at its height one-third of GDP, disappeared almost overnight in 1990-91, at the time of the dismantlement of the USSR. Mongolia was driven into deep recession, prolonged by the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party's (MPRP) reluctance to undertake serious economic reform. The Democratic Coalition (DC) government has embraced free-market economics, easing price controls, liberalizing domestic and international trade, and attempting to restructure the banking system and the energy sector. Major domestic privatization programs were undertaken, as well as the fostering of foreign investment through international tender of the oil distribution company, a leading cashmere company, and banks. Reform was held back by the ex-Communist MPRP opposition and by the political instability brought about through four successive governments under the DC. Economic growth picked up in 1997-99 after stalling in 1996 due to a series of natural disasters and declines in world prices of copper and cashmere. In August and September 1999, the economy suffered from a temporary Russian ban on exports of oil and oil products, and Mongolia remains vulnerable in this sector. Mongolia joined the World Trade Organization (WTrO) in 1997. The international donor community pledged over $300 million per year at the last Consultative Group Meeting, held in Ulaanbaatar in June 1999. The MPRP government, elected in July 2000, is anxious to improve the investment climate; it must also deal with a heavy burden of external debt. Falling prices for Mongolia's mainly primary sector exports, widespread opposition to privatization, and adverse effects of weather on agriculture in early 2000 and 2001 restrained real GDP growth in 2000-01. |
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GDP:
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purchasing power parity - $4.7 billion (2001 est.) |
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GDP - real growth rate:
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2.4% (2001 est.) |
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GDP - per capita:
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purchasing power parity - $1,770 (2001 est.) |
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GDP - composition by sector:
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agriculture: 32%
industry: 30% services: 38% (2000 est.) |
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Population below poverty line:
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36% (2001 est.) |
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Household income or consumption by percentage share:
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lowest 10%: 3%
highest 10%: 25% (1995) (1995) |
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Distribution of family income - Gini index:
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33 (1995) |
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Inflation rate (consumer prices):
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11.8% (2000 est.) |
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Labor force:
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1.4 million (2000) |
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Labor force - by occupation:
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primarily herding/agricultural |
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Unemployment rate:
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20% (2000) |
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Budget:
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revenues: $262 million
expenditures: $328 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.) |
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Industries:
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construction materials, mining (coal, copper, molybdenum, fluorspar, and gold); oil; food and beverages, processing of animal products |
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Industrial production growth rate:
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2.4% (2000 est.) |
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Electricity - production:
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2.77 billion kWh (2000) |
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Electricity - production by source:
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fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0% other: 0% (2000) nuclear: 0% |
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Electricity - consumption:
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2.732 billion kWh (2000) |
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Electricity - exports:
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25 million kWh (2000) |
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Electricity - imports:
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181 million kWh (2000) |
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Agriculture - products:
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wheat, barley, potatoes, forage crops; sheep, goats, cattle, camels, horses |
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Exports:
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$466.1 million f.o.b. (2000) |
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Exports - commodities:
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copper, livestock, animal products, cashmere, wool, hides, fluorspar, other nonferrous metals |
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Exports - partners:
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China 59%, US 20%, Russia 10%, Japan 2% (2000) |
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Imports:
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$614.5 million c.i.f. (2000) |
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Imports - commodities:
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machinery and equipment, fuels, food products, industrial consumer goods, chemicals, building materials, sugar, tea |
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Imports - partners:
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Russia 34%, China 21%, Japan 12%, South Korea 9%, US 4% (2000) |
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Debt - external:
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$760 million (2000 est.) |
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Economic aid - recipient:
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$208.7 million (1999 est.) |
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Currency:
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togrog/tugrik (MNT) |
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Currency code:
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MNT |
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Exchange rates:
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togrogs/tugriks per US dollar - 1,101.29 (December 2001), 1,097.70 (2001), 1,076.67 (2000), 1,072.37 (1999), 840.83 (1998), 789.99 (1997) |
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Fiscal year:
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calendar year |