NAVIGATION
|
HOME
• FLAG FINDER
• MAP FINDER
• SOURCES
• ADD YOURSELF TO THE ATLAS! COUNTRIES A-D • COUNTRIES E-K • COUNTRIES L-R • COUNTRIES S-Z |
NAVIGATION
Russian Federation
Rossiyskaya Federatsiya
former: Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
former: Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
INTRODUCTION
|
Background:
|
The defeat of the Russian Empire in World War I led to the seizure of power by the Communists and the formation of the USSR. The brutal rule of Josef STALIN (1924-53) strengthened Russian dominance of the Soviet Union at a cost of tens of millions of lives. The Soviet economy and society stagnated in the following decades until General Secretary Mikhail GORBACHEV (1985-91) introduced glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to modernize Communism, but his initiatives inadvertently released forces that by December 1991 splintered the USSR into 15 independent republics. Since then, Russia has struggled in its efforts to build a democratic political system and market economy to replace the strict social, political, and economic controls of the Communist period. A determined guerrilla conflict still plagues Russia in Chechnya. |
GEOGRAPHY
|
Location:
|
Northern Asia (that part west of the Urals is sometimes included with Europe), bordering the Arctic Ocean, between Europe and the North Pacific Ocean |
|
Geographic coordinates:
|
60 00 N, 100 00 E |
|
Map references:
|
Asia |
|
Area:
|
total: 17,075,200 sq km
water: 79,400 sq km land: 16,995,800 sq km |
|
Area - comparative:
|
slightly less than 1.8 times the size of the US |
|
Land boundaries:
|
total: 19,990 km
border countries: Azerbaijan 284 km, Belarus 959 km, China (southeast) 3,605 km, China (south) 40 km, Estonia 294 km, Finland 1,313 km, Georgia 723 km, Kazakhstan 6,846 km, North Korea 19 km, Latvia 217 km, Lithuania (Kaliningrad Oblast) 227 km, Mongolia 3,485 km, Norway 196 km, Poland (Kaliningrad Oblast) 206 km, Ukraine 1,576 km |
|
Coastline:
|
37,653 km |
|
Maritime claims:
|
continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation
exclusive economic zone: 200 NM territorial sea: 12 NM |
|
Climate:
|
ranges from steppes in the south through humid continental in much of European Russia; subarctic in Siberia to tundra climate in the polar north; winters vary from cool along Black Sea coast to frigid in Siberia; summers vary from warm in the steppes to cool along Arctic coast |
|
Terrain:
|
broad plain with low hills west of Urals; vast coniferous forest and tundra in Siberia; uplands and mountains along southern border regions |
|
Elevation extremes:
|
lowest point: Caspian Sea -28 m
highest point: Gora El'brus 5,633 m |
|
Natural resources:
|
wide natural resource base including major deposits of oil, natural gas, coal, and many strategic minerals, timber
note: formidable obstacles of climate, terrain, and distance hinder exploitation of natural resources |
|
Land use:
|
arable land: 7.46%
permanent crops: 0.11% other: 92.43% (1998 est.) |
|
Irrigated land:
|
46,630 sq km (1998 est.) |
|
Natural hazards:
|
permafrost over much of Siberia is a major impediment to development; volcanic activity in the Kuril Islands; volcanoes and earthquakes on the Kamchatka Peninsula; spring floods and summer/autumn forest fires throughout Siberia and parts of European Russia |
|
Environment - current issues:
|
air pollution from heavy industry, emissions of coal-fired electric plants, and transportation in major cities; industrial, municipal, and agricultural pollution of inland waterways and seacoasts; deforestation; soil erosion; soil contamination from improper application of agricultural chemicals; scattered areas of sometimes intense radioactive contamination; groundwater contamination from toxic waste; urban solid waste management; abandoned stocks of obsolete pesticides |
|
Environment - international agreements:
|
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Persistent Organic Pollutants |
|
Geography - note:
|
largest country in the world in terms of area but unfavorably located in relation to major sea lanes of the world; despite its size, much of the country lacks proper soils and climates (either too cold or too dry) for agriculture; Mount Elbrus is Europe's tallest peak |
PEOPLE
|
Population:
|
144,978,573 (July 2002 est.) |
|
Age structure:
|
0-14 years: 16.7% (male 12,334,659; female 11,840,058)
15-64 years: 70.2% (male 49,330,660; female 52,402,610) 65 years and over: 13.1% (male 6,150,775; female 12,919,811) (2002 est.) |
|
Population growth rate:
|
-0.33% (2002 est.) |
|
Birth rate:
|
9.71 births/1,000 population (2002 est.) |
|
Death rate:
|
13.91 deaths/1,000 population (2002 est.) |
|
Net migration rate:
|
0.94 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2002 est.) |
|
Sex ratio:
|
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.94 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.48 male(s)/female total population: 0.88 male(s)/female (2002 est.) |
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
19.78 deaths/1,000 live births (2002 est.) |
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
total population: 67.5 years
female: 72.97 years (2002 est.) male: 62.29 years |
|
Total fertility rate:
|
1.3 children born/woman (2002 est.) |
|
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
|
0.18% (1999 est.) |
|
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
|
130,000 (1999 est.) |
|
HIV/AIDS - deaths:
|
850 (1999 est.) |
|
Nationality:
|
noun: Russian(s)
adjective: Russian |
|
Ethnic groups:
|
Russian 81.5%, Tatar 3.8%, Ukrainian 3%, Chuvash 1.2%, Bashkir 0.9%, Belarusian 0.8%, Moldavian 0.7%, other 8.1% |
|
Religions:
|
Russian Orthodox, Muslim, other |
|
Languages:
|
Russian, other |
|
Literacy:
|
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 98% male: 100% female: 97% (1989 est.) |