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NAVIGATION
Republic of Turkey
Turkiye Cumhuriyeti
GOVERNMENT
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Country name:
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conventional long form: Republic of Turkey
conventional short form: Turkey local long form: Turkiye Cumhuriyeti local short form: Turkiye |
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Government type:
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republican parliamentary democracy |
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Capital:
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Ankara |
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Administrative divisions:
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81 provinces (iller, singular - il); Adana, Adiyaman, Afyon, Agri, Aksaray, Amasya, Ankara, Antalya, Ardahan, Artvin, Aydin, Balikesir, Bartin, Batman, Bayburt, Bilecik, Bingol, Bitlis, Bolu, Burdur, Bursa, Canakkale, Cankiri, Corum, Denizli, Diyarbakir, Duzce, Edirne, Elazig, Erzincan, Erzurum, Eskisehir, Gaziantep, Giresun, Gumushane, Hakkari, Hatay, Igdir, Isparta, Istanbul, Izmir, Kahramanmaras, Karabuk, Karaman, Kars, Kastamonu, Kayseri, Kilis, Kirikkale, Kirklareli, Kirsehir, Kocaeli, Konya, Kutahya, Malatya, Manisa, Mardin, Mersin, Mugla, Mus, Nevsehir, Nigde, Ordu, Osmaniye, Rize, Sakarya, Samsun, Sanliurfa, Siirt, Sinop, Sirnak, Sivas, Tekirdag, Tokat, Trabzon, Tunceli, Usak, Van, Yalova, Yozgat, Zonguldak |
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Independence:
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29 October 1923 (successor state to the Ottoman Empire) |
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National holiday:
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Independence Day, 29 October (1923) |
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Constitution:
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7 November 1982 |
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Legal system:
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derived from various European continental legal systems; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations |
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Suffrage:
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18 years of age; universal |
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Executive branch:
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chief of state: President Ahmet Necdet SEZER (since 16 May 2000)
elections: president elected by the National Assembly for a seven-year term; election last held 5 May 2000 (next to be held NA May 2007); prime minister and deputy prime ministers appointed by the president note: a National Security Council serves as an advisory body to the government composed of top military and cabinet officials and presided over by the president cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the nomination of the prime minister head of government: Prime Minister Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (14 March 2003); note - Abdullah GUL resigned 11 March 2003; Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN was given a mandate to form a new government election results: Ahmed Necdet SEZER elected president on the third ballot; percent of National Assembly vote - 60% note: president must have a two-thirds majority of the National Assembly on the first two ballots and a simple majority on the third ballot |
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Legislative branch:
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unicameral Grand National Assembly of Turkey or Turkiye Buyuk Millet Meclisi (550 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)
elections: last held 3 November 2002 (next to be held NA 2007); note - a special rerun of the General Election in the province of Siirt on 9 March 2003 resulted in the election of Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN to a seat in parliament, a prerequisite for becoming prime minister on 13 March 2003 election results: percent of vote by party - AKP 34.3%, CHP 19.4%, DYP 9.6%, MHP 8.3%, ANAP 5.1%, DSP 1.1%, and others; seats by party - AKP 363, CHP 178, independents 9; note - parties surpassing the 10% threshold are entitled to parliamentary seats |
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Judicial branch:
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Constitutional Court (judges are appointed by the president); Court of Appeals and Council of State (judges are elected by the Supreme Council of Judges and Prosecutors) |
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Political parties and leaders:
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Democratic Left Party or DSP [Bulent ECEVIT]; Justice and Development Party or AKP [Recep Tayip ERDOGAN]; Motherland Party or ANAP [Ali Talip OZDEMIR]; Nationalist Action Party or MHP [Devlet BAHCELI]; Republican People's Party or CHP [Deniz BAYKAL]; True Path Party (sometimes translated as Correct Way Party) or DYP [Mehmet AGAR]; Young Party or GP [Cem UZAN] |
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Political pressure groups and leaders:
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Confederation of Public Sector Unions or KESK [Sami EVREN]; Confederation of Revolutionary Workers Unions or DISK [Suleyman CELEBI]; Independent Industrialists' and Businessmen's Association or MUSIAD [Erol YARAR]; Moral Rights Workers Union or Hak-Is [Salim USLU]; Turkish Industrialists' and Businessmen's Association or TUSIAD [Muharrem KAYHAN]; Turkish Confederation of Employers' Unions or TISK [Refik BAYDUR]; Turkish Confederation of Labor or Turk-Is [Bayram MERAL]; Turkish Confederation of Tradesmen and Craftsmen or TESK [Dervis GUNDAY; Turkish Union of Chambers of Commerce and Commodity Exchanges or TOBB [M. Rifat HISARCIKLIOGLU] |
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International organization participation:
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AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, BSEC, CE, CERN (observer), EAPC, EBRD, ECE, ECO, ESCAP, EU (applicant), FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, MONUC, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIC, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNMIBH, UNMIK, UNMISET, UNOMIG, UNRWA, UPU, WCO, WEU (associate), WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO, ZC |
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Diplomatic representation in the US:
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chief of mission: Ambassador Dr. Osman Faruk LOGOGLU
FAX: [1] (202) 612-6744 consulate(s) general: Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, and New York chancery: 2525 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 612-6700 |
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Diplomatic representation from the US:
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chief of mission: Ambassador Robert W. PEARSON
embassy: 110 Ataturk Boulevard, Kavaklidere, 06100 Ankara mailing address: PSC 93, Box 5000, APO AE 09823 telephone: [90] (312) 455-5555 FAX: [90] (312) 468-0019 consulate(s) general: Istanbul consulate(s): Adana; note - there is a Consular Agent in Izmir |
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Flag description:
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red with a vertical white crescent (the closed portion is toward the hoist side) and white five-pointed star centered just outside the crescent opening |
ECONOMY
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Economy - overview:
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Turkey's dynamic economy is a complex mix of modern industry and commerce along with a traditional agriculture sector that in 2001 still accounted for 40% of employment. It has a strong and rapidly growing private sector, yet the state still plays a major role in basic industry, banking, transport, and communication. The most important industry - and largest exporter - is textiles and clothing, which is almost entirely in private hands. In recent years the economic situation has been marked by erratic economic growth and serious imbalances. Real GNP growth has exceeded 6% in many years, but this strong expansion has been interrupted by sharp declines in output in 1994, 1999, and 2001. Meanwhile, the public sector fiscal deficit has regularly exceeded 10% of GDP - due in large part to the huge burden of interest payments, which account for more than 50% of central government spending; inflation has remained in the high double-digit range. Perhaps because of these problems, foreign direct investment in Turkey remains low - less than $1 billion annually. In late 2000 and early 2001 a growing trade deficit and serious weaknesses in the banking sector plunged the economy into crisis - forcing Turkey to float the lira and pushing the country into recession. Results in 2002 were much better, because of strong financial support from the IMF and tighter fiscal policy. Continued slow global growth and serious political tensions in the Middle East cast a shadow over prospects for 2003. |
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GDP:
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purchasing power parity - $468 billion (2002 est.) |
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GDP - real growth rate:
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7.8% (2002 est.) |
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GDP - per capita:
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purchasing power parity - $7,000 (2002 est.) |
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GDP - composition by sector:
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agriculture: 12.9%
industry: 30.4% services: 56.7% (2001) |
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Population below poverty line:
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NA% |
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Household income or consumption by percentage share:
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lowest 10%: 2.3%
highest 10%: 32.3% (1994) |
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Distribution of family income - Gini index:
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41.5 (1994) |
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Inflation rate (consumer prices):
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45.2% (2002) |
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Labor force:
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23.8 million
note: about 1.2 million Turks work abroad (2001 3rd quarter) |
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Labor force - by occupation:
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agriculture 39.7%, services 37.9%, industry 22.4% (2001) |
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Unemployment rate:
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10.8% (plus underemployment of 6.1%) (2002 est.) |
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Budget:
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revenues: $42.4 billion
expenditures: $69.1 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2001) |
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Industries:
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textiles, food processing, autos, mining (coal, chromite, copper, boron), steel, petroleum, construction, lumber, paper |
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Industrial production growth rate:
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8.5% (2002 est.) |
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Electricity - production:
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116.6 billion kWh (2001) |
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Electricity - production by source:
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fossil fuel: 79.3%
hydro: 20.4% other: 0.3% (2001) nuclear: 0% |
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Electricity - consumption:
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112.6 billion kWh (2001) |
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Electricity - exports:
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433 million kWh (2001) |
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Electricity - imports:
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4.579 billion kWh (2001) |
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Oil - production:
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48,000 bbl/day (2001 est.) |
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Oil - consumption:
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619,500 bbl/day (2001 est.) |
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Oil - exports:
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46,110 bbl/day (2001) |
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Oil - imports:
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616,500 bbl/day (2001) |
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Oil - proved reserves:
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288.4 million bbl (January 2002 est.) |
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Natural gas - proved reserves:
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8.685 billion cu m (January 2002 est.) |
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Agriculture - products:
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tobacco, cotton, grain, olives, sugar beets, pulse, citrus; livestock |
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Exports:
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$35.1 billion f.o.b. (2002) |
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Exports - commodities:
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apparel, foodstuffs, textiles, metal manufactures, transport equipment |
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Exports - partners:
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Germany 17.2%, US 10.0%, Italy 7.5%, UK 6.9%, France 6.0%, Russia 2.9% (2000) |
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Imports:
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$50.8 billion c.i.f. (2002) |
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Imports - commodities:
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machinery, chemicals, semi-finished goods, fuels, transport equipment |
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Imports - partners:
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Germany 12.9%, Italy 8.4%, Russia 8.3%, US 7.9%, France 5.5%, UK 4.6% (2000) |
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Debt - external:
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$118.3 billion (yearend 2001) |
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Economic aid - recipient:
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ODA, $300 million (2000) |
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Currency:
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Turkish lira (TRL) |
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Currency code:
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TRL |
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Exchange rates:
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NA (2002), 1,225,590 (2001), 625,218 (2000), 418,783 (1999), 260,724 (1998), 151,865 (1997) |
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Fiscal year:
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calendar year |