NAVIGATION
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NAVIGATION
Turkmenistan
former: Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic
COMMUNICATIONS
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Telephones - main lines in use:
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363,000 (1997) |
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Telephones - mobile cellular:
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4,300 (1998) |
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Telephone system:
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general assessment: poorly developed
domestic: NA international: linked by cable and microwave radio relay to other CIS republics and to other countries by leased connections to the Moscow international gateway switch; a new telephone link from Ashgabat to Iran has been established; a new exchange in Ashgabat switches international traffic through Turkey via Intelsat; satellite earth stations - 1 Orbita and 1 Intelsat |
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Radio broadcast stations:
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AM 16, FM 8, shortwave 2 (1998) |
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Radios:
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1.225 million (1997) |
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Television broadcast stations:
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3 (much programming relayed from Russia and Turkey) (1997) |
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Televisions:
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820,000 (1997) |
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Internet country code:
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.tm |
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Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
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1 |
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Internet users:
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2,000 (2000) |
TRANSPORTATION
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Railways:
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total: 2,440 km
broad gauge: 2,440 km 1.520-m gauge (2002) |
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Highways:
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total: 22,000 km
paved: 18,000 km (includes some all-weather gravel-surfaced roads) unpaved: 4,000 km (these roads are made of unstabilized earth and are difficult to negotiate in wet weather) (1996) |
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Waterways:
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the Amu Darya is an important inland waterway for Turkmenistan, as is the man-made Kara Kum canal |
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Pipelines:
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crude oil 250 km; natural gas 4,400 km |
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Ports and harbors:
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Turkmenbasy |
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Merchant marine:
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total: 2 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 6,873 GRT/8,345 DWT
ships by type: combination ore/oil 1, petroleum tanker 1 (2002 est.) |
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Airports:
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76 (2002) |
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Airports - with paved runways:
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total: 13
2,438 to 3,047 m: 9 1,524 to 2,437 m: 4 (2002) |
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Airports - with unpaved runways:
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total: 63
2,438 to 3,047 m: 7 1,524 to 2,437 m: 5 914 to 1,523 m: 10 under 914 m: 41 (2002) |
MILITARY
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Military branches:
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Ministry of Defense (Army, Air and Air Defense, Navy, Border Troops, and Internal Troops), National Guard |
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Military manpower - military age:
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18 years of age (2003 est.) |
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Military manpower - availability:
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males age 15-49: 1,239,737 (2003 est.) |
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Military manpower - fit for military service:
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males age 15-49: 1,005,686 (2003 est.) |
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Military manpower - reaching military age annually:
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males: 53,825 (2003 est.) |
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Military expenditures - dollar figure:
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$90 million (FY99) |
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Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
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3.4% (FY99) |
TRANSNATIONAL ISSUES
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Disputes - international:
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prolonged regional drought creates water-sharing difficulties for Amu Darya river states; Turkmenistan has not committed to follow either Iran or the other littoral states in the division of the Caspian Sea seabed and water column; ICJ decision expected to resolve dispute with Azerbaijan over sovereignty over Caspian oilfields; demarcation of land boundary with Kazakhstan is underway - maritime boundary not resolved |
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Illicit drugs:
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transit country for Afghan narcotics bound for Russian and, to a lesser extent, Western European markets; limited illicit cultivation of opium poppy for domestic consumption; small-scale government-run eradication of illicit crops; transit point for heroin precursor chemicals bound for Afghanistan |