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NAVIGATION
Republic of Turkey
Turkiye Cumhuriyeti
COMMUNICATIONS
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Telephones - main lines in use:
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19.5 million (1999) |
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Telephones - mobile cellular:
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17.1 million (2001) |
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Telephone system:
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general assessment: undergoing rapid modernization and expansion, especially with cellular telephones
domestic: additional digital exchanges are permitting a rapid increase in subscribers; the construction of a network of technologically advanced intercity trunk lines, using both fiber-optic cable and digital microwave radio relay is facilitating communication between urban centers; remote areas are reached by a domestic satellite system; the number of subscribers to mobile cellular telephone service is growing rapidly international: international service is provided by three submarine fiber-optic cables in the Mediterranean and Black Seas, linking Turkey with Italy, Greece, Israel, Bulgaria, Romania, and Russia; also by 12 Intelsat earth stations, and by 328 mobile satellite terminals in the Inmarsat and Eutelsat systems (2002) |
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Radio broadcast stations:
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AM 16, FM 107, shortwave 6 (2001) |
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Radios:
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11.3 million (1997) |
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Television broadcast stations:
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635 (plus 2,934 repeaters) (1995) |
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Televisions:
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20.9 million (1997) |
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Internet country code:
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.tr |
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Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
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50 (2001) |
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Internet users:
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2.5 million (2002) |
TRANSPORTATION
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Railways:
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total: 8,607 km
standard gauge: 8,607 km 1.435-m gauge (2,131 km electrified) (2002) |
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Highways:
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total: 382,059 km
paved: 106,976 km (including 1,726 km of expressways) unpaved: 275,083 km (1999 est.) |
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Waterways:
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1,200 km (approximately) |
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Pipelines:
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crude oil 1,738 km; petroleum products 2,321 km; natural gas 708 km |
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Ports and harbors:
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Gemlik, Hopa, Iskenderun, Istanbul, Izmir, Kocaeli (Izmit), Icel (Mersin), Samsun, Trabzon |
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Merchant marine:
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total: 525 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 5,306,506 GRT/8,424,837 DWT
ships by type: bulk 125, cargo 229, chemical tanker 44, combination bulk 3, combination ore/oil 3, container 34, liquefied gas 6, passenger/cargo 1, petroleum tanker 35, refrigerated cargo 4, roll on/roll off 26, short-sea passenger 10, specialized tanker 5 note: includes some foreign-owned ships registered here as a flag of convenience: Belize 1, Cyprus 1, Denmark 2, Greece 1, Italy 1, Thailand 1, UK 11 (2002 est.) |
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Airports:
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120 (2002) |
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Airports - with paved runways:
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total: 86
over 3,047 m: 16 2,438 to 3,047 m: 30 914 to 1,523 m: 16 under 914 m: 5 (2002) 1,524 to 2,437 m: 19 |
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Airports - with unpaved runways:
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total: 34
over 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 under 914 m: 24 (2002) 914 to 1,523 m: 8 |
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Heliports:
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8 (2002) |
MILITARY
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Military branches:
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Land Forces, Navy (includes Naval Air and Naval Infantry), Air Force, Coast Guard, Gendarmerie |
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Military manpower - military age:
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20 years of age (2003 est.) |
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Military manpower - availability:
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males age 15-49: 19,534,455 (2003 est.) |
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Military manpower - fit for military service:
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males age 15-49: 11,801,267 (2003 est.) |
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Military manpower - reaching military age annually:
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males: 679,882 (2003 est.) |
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Military expenditures - dollar figure:
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$8.1 billion (2002 est.) |
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Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
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4.5% (2002 est.) |
TRANSNATIONAL ISSUES
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Disputes - international:
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complex maritime, air, and territorial disputes with Greece in the Aegean Sea; Cyprus question remains with Greece; Syria and Iraq protest Turkish hydrological projects to control upper Euphrates waters; Turkey is quick to rebuff any perceived Syrian claim to Hatay province; border with Armenia remains closed over Nagorno-Karabakh |
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Illicit drugs:
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key transit route for Southwest Asian heroin to Western Europe and - to a far lesser extent the US - via air, land, and sea routes; major Turkish, Iranian, and other international trafficking organizations operate out of Istanbul; laboratories to convert imported morphine base into heroin are in remote regions of Turkey as well as near Istanbul; government maintains strict controls over areas of legal opium poppy cultivation and output of poppy straw concentrate |