NAVIGATION
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NAVIGATION
Republic of Indonesia
Republik Indonesia
former: Netherlands East Indies; Dutch East Indies
INTRODUCTION
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Background:
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The world's largest archipelago, Indonesia achieved independence from the Netherlands in 1949. Current issues include: alleviating widespread poverty, implementing IMF-mandated reforms of the banking sector, effecting a transition to a popularly-elected government after four decades of authoritarianism, addressing charges of cronyism and corruption, holding the military and police accountable for human rights violations, and resolving growing separatist pressures in Aceh and Irian Jaya. On 30 August 1999 a provincial referendum for independence was overwhelmingly approved by the people of Timor Timur. Concurrence followed by Indonesia's national legislature, and the name East Timor was provisionally adopted. On 20 May 2002, East Timor was internationally recognized as an independent state. |
GEOGRAPHY
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Location:
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Southeastern Asia, archipelago between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean |
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Geographic coordinates:
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5 00 S, 120 00 E |
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Map references:
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Southeast Asia |
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Area:
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total: 1,919,440 sq km
water: 93,000 sq km land: 1,826,440 sq km |
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Area - comparative:
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slightly less than three times the size of Texas |
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Land boundaries:
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total: 2,830 km
border countries: East Timor 228 km, Malaysia 1,782 km, Papua New Guinea 820 km |
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Coastline:
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54,716 km |
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Maritime claims:
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measured from claimed archipelagic baselines
exclusive economic zone: 200 NM territorial sea: 12 NM |
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Climate:
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tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands |
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Terrain:
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mostly coastal lowlands; larger islands have interior mountains |
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Elevation extremes:
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lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: Puncak Jaya 5,030 m |
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Natural resources:
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petroleum, tin, natural gas, nickel, timber, bauxite, copper, fertile soils, coal, gold, silver |
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Land use:
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arable land: 9.9%
permanent crops: 7.2% other: 82.9% (1998 est.) |
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Irrigated land:
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48,150 sq km (1998 est.) |
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Natural hazards:
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occasional floods, severe droughts, tsunamis, earthquakes, volcanoes, forest fires |
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Environment - current issues:
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deforestation; water pollution from industrial wastes, sewage; air pollution in urban areas; smoke and haze from forest fires |
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Environment - international agreements:
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party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Marine Life Conservation |
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Geography - note:
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archipelago of 17,000 islands (6,000 inhabited); straddles Equator; strategic location astride or along major sea lanes from Indian Ocean to Pacific Ocean |
PEOPLE
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Population:
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231,328,092 (July 2002 est.) |
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Age structure:
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0-14 years: NA
15-64 years: NA 65 years and over: NA |
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Population growth rate:
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1.54% (2002 est.) |
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Birth rate:
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21.87 births/1,000 population (2002 est.) |
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Death rate:
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6.28 deaths/1,000 population (2002 est.) |
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Net migration rate:
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-0.21 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2002 est.) |
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Sex ratio:
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at birth: NA
under 15 years: NA 15-64 years: NA 65 years and over: NA total population: NA |
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Infant mortality rate:
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39.4 deaths/1,000 live births (2002 est.) |
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Life expectancy at birth:
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total population: 68.63 years
female: 71.13 years (2002 est.) male: 66.24 years |
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Total fertility rate:
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2.54 children born/woman (2002 est.) |
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HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
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0.05% (1999 est.) |
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HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
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52,000 (1999 est.) |
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HIV/AIDS - deaths:
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3,100 (1999 est.) |
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Nationality:
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noun: Indonesian(s)
adjective: Indonesian |
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Ethnic groups:
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Javanese 45%, Sundanese 14%, Madurese 7.5%, coastal Malays 7.5%, other 26% |
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Religions:
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Muslim 88%, Protestant 5%, Roman Catholic 3%, Hindu 2%, Buddhist 1%, other 1% (1998) |
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Languages:
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Bahasa Indonesia (official, modified form of Malay), English, Dutch, local dialects, the most widely spoken of which is Javanese |
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Literacy:
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definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 83.8% male: 89.6% female: 78% (1995 est.) |